« Sortir du moule » : résister aux stéréotypes d’être un étudiant-athlète canadien noir

Auteurs-es

  • Humphrey Nartey Collège Conestoga
  • Carl. E l’Université York

Mots-clés :

étudiant-athlète, stéréotypes sexistes, race, athlétisme, éducation, noir

Résumé

Cet article examine comment les stéréotypes opèrent dans la construction sociale des étudiants-athlètes masculins noirs canadiens et comment ces stéréotypes encadrent les expériences vécues de ces étudiants en relation de leur race, leur athlétisme et leur performance scolaire. À partir d’entrevues avec vingt étudiants-athlètes noirs canadiens actuels et anciens, nous avons constaté qu’ils défiaient les stéréotypes d’être plus athlètes qu’étudiants. De diverses manières, ils ont cherché à démontrer qu’ils possédaient les compétences nécessaires pour réussir sur le plan scolaire avec la capacité d’équilibrer leurs engagements sportifs et académiques. Cela était évident vu qu’ils avaient obtenu les notes requises par les universités, reçu des bourses d’études, maintenu leurs admissibilités au sport, obtenu leurs diplômes universitaires et ont pu poursuivre leurs études.

Bibliographies de l'auteur-e

Humphrey Nartey, Collège Conestoga

est professeur à l’École d’études interdisciplinaires du Collège Conestoga et professeur d’études générales à l’Université Yorkville. Le domaine d’expertise du Dr Nartey se concentre sur le sport et l’activité physique d’un point de vue socioculturel, en mettant l’accent sur les expériences des étudiants-athlètes racialisés lors de leur transition hors de l’université et du sport universitaire. En mettant l’accent sur les expériences, les aspirations et les résultats divers, complexes et relationnels, ses recherches démontrent comment les expériences et les trajectoires éducatives et transitionnelles sont médiatisées par les divers stéréotypes qui étaient en marche dans la vie de ces athlètes. aitch.nartey@gmail.com

Carl. E, l’Université York

est titulaire de la présidence Jean Augustine en éducation, communauté et diaspora à la faculté d’éducation de l’Université York. Il étudie les expériences éducatives, récréatives, d’emplois et professionnelles des Canadiens marginalisés, en notant les façons dont la race — en tant qu’elle s’entrecroise avec le sexe, la classe sociale, la citoyenneté, le statut générationnel et d’autres caractéristiques identitaires — médiatise leurs opportunités, leurs trajectoires et leurs accomplissements sociaux. Fondé sur les notions d’équité, d’inclusion et de justice sociale, son travail cherche à démasquer les réalités vécues par les Canadiens Noirs et les autres Canadiens racialisés. L’une de ses publications les plus récentes s’intitule « Colour Matters » : Essays on the Experiences, Education and Pursuits of Black Youth. cjames@edu.yorku.ca

Références

Carrington, B. (1998). Sport, masculinity, and Black cultural resistance. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 22(3), 275–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/01937239802200300

Coakley, J. (2006). Sports in society: Issues and controversies. McGraw-Hill.

Codjoe, H. (2006). The role of an affirmed Black cultural identity and heritage in the academic achievement of African-Canadian students. Intercultural Education, 17(1), 33–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675980500502271

Conyers, J. L., Jr. (2014). Sacrifice, modality, inspiration and triumph: An Afrocentric analysis of race and sport in America. In J. L. Conyers Jr. (Ed.), Race in American sports: Essays (p. 245 - 253). McFarland.

Crenshaw, K. (2002). The first decade: Critical reflections, or “a foot in the closing door.” UCLA Law Review, 49(5), 1343–1372.

Delgado, R. (1989). Storytelling for oppositionists and others: A plea for narrative. Michigan Law Review, 87(8), 2411–2441. https://doi.org/10.2307/1289308

Dumas, M. J. (2016). Against the dark: Antiblackness in education policy and discourse. Theory Into Practice, 55, 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2016.1116852

Durkee, M. I., Gazley, E. R., Hope, E. C., & Keels, M. (2019). Cultural invalidations: Deconstructing the “acting white” phenomenon among Black and Latinx college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 25(4), 451–460. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000288

Dyck, N. (2006). Athletic scholarships and the politics of child rearing in Canada. Anthropological Notebooks, 12(2), 65–78.

Edwards, H. (2000). Crisis of Black athletes on the eve of the 21st century. Society, 37(3), 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686167

Friesen, J. (2018, April 25). Canada's toughest neighbourhood. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canadas-toughest-neighbourhood/article1086849/

Geiger, N. M. (2013). Intercollegiate athletics in Canada and the United States: Differences in access, quality, and funding. College Quarterly, 16(3).

Gillborn, D. (2015). Intersectionality, critical race theory, and the primacy of racism: Race, class, gender, and disability in education. Qualitative Inquiry, 21(3), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800414557827

Graves, J. L. (2004). The race myth: Why we pretend race exists in America. Dutton.

Harris, C. I. (1993). Whiteness as property. Harvard Law Review, 106(8), 1707–1791. https://doi.org/10.2307/1341787

Harrison, L., Jr., Azzarito, L., & Burden, J., Jr. (2004). Perceptions of athletic superiority: A view from the other side. Race Ethnicity and Education, 7(2), 149–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/1361332042000234277

Harrison, L., Jr., Sailes, G., Rotich, W. K., & Bimper, A. Y., Jr. (2011). Living the dream or awakening from the nightmare: Race and athletic identity. Race Ethnicity and Education, 14(1), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2011.531982

Hinton, P. R. (2019). Stereotypes and the construction of the social world. Routledge.

Hodge, S. R., Burden, J. W., Jr., Robinson, L. E., & Bennett, R. A., III. (2008). Theorizing on the stereotyping of Black male student-athletes: Issues and implications. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 2(2), 203–226. https://doi.org/10.1179/ssa.2008.2.2.203

Huber, L. P. (2008). Building critical race methodologies in educational research: A research note on critical race testimonio. FIU Law Review, 4(1), 159–173. https://doi.org/10.25148/lawrev.4.1.15

Hylton, K. (2005). ‘Race’, sport and leisure: Lessons from critical race theory. Leisure Studies, 24(1), 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360412331313494

Ibrahim, A. (2004). One is not born Black: Becoming and the phenomenon(ology) of race. Philosophy of Education Society, 35, 77–87.

James, C. E. (2010). Schooling and the university plans of immigrant Black students from an urban neighbourhood. In R. Milner IV (Ed.), Culture, curriculum, and identity in education (pp. 117–139). Palgrave MacMillan.

James, C. E. (2012). Students “at risk”: Stereotypes and the schooling of Black boys. Urban Education, 47(2), 464–494. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085911429084

James, C. E. (2021). Colour matters: Essays on the experiences, education, and pursuits of Black youth. University of Toronto Press.

Jameson, M., Diehl, R., & Danso, H. (2007). Stereotype threat impacts college athletes’ academic performance. Current Research in Social Psychology, 12(5), 68–79.

Joseph, J., & Kuo, B. C. H. (2009). Black Canadians' coping responses to racial discrimination. Journal of Black Psychology, 35(1), 78–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/009579840832338

Kelly, P. (2000). The dangerousness of youth-at-risk: The possibilities of surveillance and intervention in uncertain times. Journal of Adolescence, 23(4), 463–476. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0331

Ladson-Billings, G. (1998). Just what is critical race theory and what's it doing in a nice field like education? International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11(1), 7–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/095183998236863

Ladson-Billings, G. (2011). Boyz to men? Teaching to restore Black boys’ childhood. Race Ethnicity and Education, 14(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2011.531977

Ladson-Billings, G., & Tate, W. F., IV. (1995). Toward a critical race theory of education. In A. D. Dixon & C. K. Rousseau (Eds.), Critical race theory in education: All God’s children got a song (pp. 11–30). Routledge.

Laws, M. (2020, June 16). Why we capitalize ‘Black’ (and not ‘white’). Columbia Journalism Review. https://www.cjr.org/analysis/capital-b-black-styleguide.php

Lewis, N. A., Jr., & Sekaquaptewa, D. (2016). Beyond test performance: A broader view of stereotype threat. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 40–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.05.002

Martis, E. (2020). They said this would be fun: Race, campus life, and growing up. McClelland & Stewart.

May, R. A. B. (2009). The good and bad of it all: Professional Black male basketball players as role models for young Black male basketball players. Sociology of Sport Journal, 26(3), 443–461. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.26.3.443

Miller, P. S., & Kerr, G. (2002). The athletic, academic and social experiences of intercollegiate student-athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 25(4), 346–367.

Nartey, H. (2019). Experiences of Black Canadian male student-athletes [Doctoral dissertation, University of Ottawa]. UO Research. https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/39089

Nebeker, K. C. (1998). Critical race theory: A white graduate student’s struggle with this growing area of scholarship. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/095183998236872

Ogbu, J. U. (2004). Collective identity and the burden of “acting white” in Black history, community, and education. The Urban Review, 36(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:URRE.0000042734.83194.f6

Parsons, J. (2013). Student athlete perceptions of academic success and athlete stereotypes on campus. Journal of Sport Behavior, 36(4), 400–416.

Saul, R., & James, C. E. (2006). Framing possibilities: Representations of Black student athletes in Toronto media. Comparative and International Education, 35(1), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.5206/cie-eci.v35i1.9072

Sefa Dei, G. J. (2018). “Black like me”: Reframing Blackness for decolonial politics. Educational Studies, 54(2), 117–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131946.2018.1427586

Sefa Dei, G. J., & James, I. M. (1998). ‘Becoming Black’: African‐Canadian youth and the politics of negotiating racial and racialised identities. Race Ethnicity and Education, 1(1), 91–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/1361332980010107

Sheldon, J. P., Jayaratne, T. E., & Petty, E. M. (2007). White Americans’ genetic explanations for a perceived race difference in athleticism: The relation to prejudice toward and stereotyping of Blacks. Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 9(3), 31–56.

Shizha, E. (2016). Marginalization of African Canadian students in mainstream schools: Are Afrocentric schools the answer? In A. Ibrahim & A. A. Abdi (Eds.), The education of African Canadian children: Critical perspectives (pp. 187–206). McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Solorzano, D. G., & Yosso, T. J. (2001). Critical race and LatCrit theory and method: Counter-storytelling. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 14(4), 471–495. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518390110063365

Spaaij, R., Farquharson, K., & Marjoribanks, T. (2015). Sport and social inequalities. Sociology Compass, 9(5), 400–411. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12254

Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797–811. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797

Thiessen, V. (2009). The pursuit of postsecondary education: A comparison of First Nations, African, Asian, and European Canadian youth. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie, 46(1), 5–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618X.2009.01201.x

U SPORTS. (2018, September 21). Student-athlete info. https://usports.ca/en/about/student-athlete-info

Walcott, R. (2001). Caribbean pop culture in Canada; Or, the impossibility of belonging to the nation. Small Axe, 5(1), 123–139. https://doi.org/10.1353/smx.2001.0011

Wilson, B., & Sparks, R. (1999). Impacts of Black athlete media portrayals on Canadian youth. Canadian Journal of Communication, 24(4), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.1999v24n4a1127

Winant, H. (2000). Race and race theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.169

Wininger, S. R., & White, T. A. (2015). An examination of the dumb jock stereotype in collegiate student-athletes: A comparison of student versus student-athlete perceptions. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 9(2), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1179/1935739715Z.00000000036

Zamudio, M., Russell, C., Rios, F., & Bridgeman, J. L. (2011). Critical race theory matters: Education and ideology. Routledge.

Publié-e

2022-03-31

Comment citer

Nartey, H., & Carl. E. (2022). « Sortir du moule » : résister aux stéréotypes d’être un étudiant-athlète canadien noir. Revue Des Sciences De l’éducation De McGill, 57(2). Consulté à l’adresse https://mje.mcgill.ca/article/view/9970

Numéro

Rubrique

Articles